Work is the dirty secret of contemporary life -- to judge by the movies, at any rate. Although work is where people experience roughly half their waking hours over the course of four or five decades, working life is not considered glamorous or electric enough to hold the attention of audiences. Filmgoers, after all, treat the movies as a respite from (among other things) working life. Yet much of our experience of human relations takes place at work: the victories and defeats, purposes and routines, thrusts and counterthrusts, lies and impositions, passions large and small, affections and disaffections, actions, reactions, ambitions, thrills, and disappointments that frustrate and animate life.
Not only that. Working life doesn't stop when people punch out. People takethe workplace home with them, for better and worse. It gives them a literal andeven spiritual place in the world. It shapes satisfactions and dissatisfactionsoff the job. The workweek surrounds the weekend. Even in a service economy offree agents scrambling from one disloyal company to another over the course of alifetime, work remains a top answer to the question "Who am I?" It imparts ashape to life and serves as a marker of who we are, were, and hope to be. Itimposes habits and disrupts them, channels feelings and thwarts them. For goodreason, Freud thought love and work the psyche's essential needs.
Yet scarce are the movies that take seriously working life, the ideas thatpeople have about it, its moral dilemmas, its satisfactions and obstacles.Movies, after all, have other objectives -- to dazzle us, deliver passions andjolts, play with our hunger for glamour, fill our emotional lives, and relieve usfrom our surroundings. Mainly, life on the job is represented as filler: the proforma occasion for a plot point, the quick explanation for a character point, thepretext for a one-liner, the occasion for props and locations, the route to theinteresting place -- the courtroom, the prison, the battlefield, the spaceship, the bed. The job is the gray zone that the character exits on the way to a life in living color. There's only enough of the workday left on the screen to suggest what it is that the characters are getting away from after hours.
In other words, rare is the movie in which characters do much work or thinkmuch about it -- with two main exceptions: criminals and police (in whichcategory I include the currently hot subvariant, soldiers). Their on-the-job choices and career moves seem dramatic, offering suspense, visible high stakes, character clashes, and a range of emotions. Their working lives feature surprises, betrayals, pleasures, and conflicts petty and large. The safecracker assembles his team, figures out how to get around alarm systems, decides what to do when a colleague makes a mistake, recovers from the mistake. The old cop comes out of retirement to deal with a burdensome case, only to find himself thrown in with overambitious, corrupt, and incompetent juniors. In the worlds of cops and criminals, we find all the entrepreneurs, the bankers, the hirers and firers, the work teams, the rivals, the rising and falling stars whose actions propel life-and-death stories.
Insofar as the white-collar world features at all in the movies, the prevalentmode is satirical. Business is conventionally a background for murder, extortion,larceny, fraud, and rape. The big tycoon devours the little tycoon. The defenseengineer who gets fired goes ballistic. The big shot is the bad guy. A shot of theoffice is purely a way to introduce a leading character or perhaps to illustratethe grind that the characters are scheming to flee. As for factories, they mightas well not exist. With the exception of the occasional film about a strike or anorganizing drive, the movies have been postindustrial for most of theircentury-plus history -- not only in Hollywood, but virtually everywhere.
Could it be that the world of work, its pressuresand meanings, is intrinsically too flat, too tedious, for the movies? Isalienation, perhaps, an abstract invention of Marxists? In two fine films, theFrench director Laurent Cantet puts the lie to this prejudice -- a prejudice thatis, by the way, as much foreign as Hollywood. In Time Out, released in 2001 and about to be released in the United States, the chief protagonist is a middle-aged, low-level business executive whom we first meet driving across the south of France while calling his wife on his mobile phone to regale her with news of his latest sales adventures -- all fabricated, because he's been fired. Eager to move up in the world but without the resources to do so, he claims to have landed a significant job with the United Nations, over the Swiss border. We watch him trap himself in an intricate skein of lies and criminality. In HumanResources (1999), Cantet's first feature, an idealistic young man takes a position as a management trainee in the factory where his father and sister work, only to get caught between the company's rationalizing schemes and the defenses mounted by the union.
In both cases, company pressures take their toll. Employees are expected tobecome people they're not. Families and friends get squeezed. Inner life ismauled by the effort to imagine a way out. People try to blunder their wayforward and fight back, but not without cost. Work is not the whole of theprotagonists' stories, but their stories are predicated on the fact that peoplewant to find meaning -- and often find meaninglessness -- on the job and in thestories that they tell themselves about their work.
Cantet is neither romantic nor desolate. He does not fear ambiguities. In bothfilms, work is burdensome but may also be rewarding. In any event, the charactersneed it. In Human Resources, the father, a longtime machine operator, considers his job his fate and resists any force that would interfere with his rapport with his machine -- even the union aiming to protect his rights. There is no cure-all for alienation, no end to the desire for meaningful work, no clear answer to the imperative question that a character asks at the end of Human Resources: "Where is your place?" In neither film does anyone escape scot-free. These are not road-movie characters who flee a lousy job or a bad boss to hit the highway, where adventure beckons. True, action is possible: People can stand up for themselves, even if they cannot free themselves from ensuing entanglements. They can attempt to rewrite the stories of their lives, but their escape attempts are provisional and risky. Moving up in the world -- whether actually in Human Resources or deceptively in Time Out -- not only does not change society but exchanges old problems for new ones.
Time Out is the darker film of the two, for in the landscape of self-creation collective action is unimaginable, and for the protagonist, Vincent, the way out -- deception -- lands him in one moral quicksand after another. Vincent is loosely based on the real-life case of a Frenchman with no degree who for 18 years pretended to be a doctor with the World Health Organization, and who, threatened with exposure, murdered his wife, his parents, and his two children. (This amazing story is the subject of a recent true-crime book by Emmanuel Carrère called, in English, The Adversary.) But Cantet's interest is not in melodrama, so Vincent's criminal career does not turn out ruinous in that lurid way. About the ending, I will say nothing except that some viewers take it to be happy, Cantet does not, and Cantet is right.
One thing that fascinates about Vincent is that he has not taken leave of morality. He is played by a marvelously subtle actor with an ordinary face, Aurélien Recoing. An actor who has frequently played roles from Chekhov, Shakespeare, and Molière -- Vincent is his first leading film part -- Recoing suggests with ripples of crosscutting emotion the burden of doubt and guilt as Vincent decides whether to betray his parents, his wife and children, his friends. Karin Viard, who plays Vincent's wife, is equally complex. There are battlefields beneath their skins.
When I spoke with Cantet earlier this year, I got asense that the work of filmmaking itself matters greatly to him. How he developshis films is unusual. Most of the actors are amateurs. Those who work in the filmhelp shape it. "I like working with people who have another life than mine," hetold me. "When you meet a professional actor, you learn little." Cantet writes aninitial treatment (in the case of Time Out, his collaborator is Robin Campillo), sketching the main characters and their relationships. For TimeOut, he cast only two professionals, Recoing and Viard. The part of a very inventive thief is played by a onetime burglar, Serge Livrozet, who after a stretch in prison emerged as a radical activist and a writer (Cantet saw him on a TV talk show about counterfeiters). Vincent's father is played by a friend of Cantet's. Other amateurs he spotted as they came off work in a white-collar suburb of Paris. As the pickup cast play with the story and play out their own relationships, Cantet works out dialogue. He obviously has a tremendous talent with his actors, for in both films the performances have the grain of authenticity.
The locale is an actor, too, chosen with care. The physical environment isordinary: There is neither a lot of splendid scenery nor a lot of great ugliness.In Time Out, the UN office that Vincent visits (casing the joint to stoke up his imagination, perhaps) is a typical industrial-park creation. In HumanResources, the factory floor is more than a background: It's an atmosphere "an element in the creation of the story," as Cantet put it. It wasn't easy to find a manager willing to use his factory to illustrate the venality of company policy. Several agreed in principle but on reading the script changed their mind. Cantet told me it took a full year, in fact, to find a volunteer: a factory director who recognized in the story a piece of his own life and thought that the making of the film might improve the relationship between management and workers. Not least, he was planning to retire soon.
Cantet cites a few filmmakers who have inspired him, principally RobertoRossellini, but denies that he is a cinephile. Still, he is no naive realist.Technique matters to him. He keeps his viewers off balance by holding a shot abit long or cutting it a bit short. Not surprisingly, Cantet, now 40, was trainedfirst as a still photographer. Refusing to call attention to the camera bywhizzing it through the action in the fashionable mode, he prefers to plant it inone spot and show his characters moving through the scene. Attention is drawn tothe social relations playing themselves out, not to the artist in charge. Surelyone of the most accomplished new directors to appear in many a year, Cantetdenies that he set out to chronicle work as such. He has no interest in trundlingout any counterformula to compete with formulas of a more conventional sort. Hiscuriosity runs deeper than that, which is a relief. Anything he does will beworth watching -- if he continues to find backers. Financiers of the world, payattention! In the face of aggressive Hollywood glitz, declarations of the deathof the European art film are common even in Europe itself, but once again turn outto be premature.
